Winter AD 124/5 – Hadrian excursions the Peloponnese (half 1) and visits Megara, Argos and Mantineia (#Hadrian1900) FOLLOWING HADRIAN

After attending the Eleusinian Mysteries (see right here), Hadrian launched into a quick tour of the Peloponnese accompanied by Sabina. His presence in a number of famend cities throughout this era is properly documented, though no precise date has been recorded. Wherever the imperial courtroom went, historic cities acquired the Emperor’s generosity since his need was, amongst different issues, to enhance affairs in Greece. In return, names had been modified to honour the donor, statues had been erected, and temples had been devoted. Hadrian’s first cease was on the Dorian metropolis of Megara, a long-standing rival of Athens situated to the west.

Megara was one of many 4 districts of Attica, located between Attica and the isthmus of Corinth, and it managed the commerce routes connecting the Peloponnesus and Central Greece. In response to Pausanias, the Megarians mentioned that their city owed its origin to Automobile, the son of Phoroneus, who constructed the Acropolis referred to as ‘Karia’ on the easterly facet of town and underground caves for the cult of Demeter referred to as megara, from which the place derived its identify. After a promising begin, throughout which Megara distinguished itself by founding Byzantium and the Hyblaean Megara in Sicily, inner turmoil quickly erupted, inflicting Megara to say no and be surpassed by Athens. Throughout the civil struggle between Pompey and Caesar, town discovered itself on the dropping facet and confronted Caesar’s retribution. The second century AD introduced a brand new interval of relative development, particularly beneath Hadrian, when many public works had been carried out. Nevertheless, regardless of Hadrian’s greatest efforts, Megara remained impoverished. In response to Pausanias, “not even the emperor Hadrian might make extra affluent.” (1.36.3). Megara subsequently fell to the standing of a minor city through the Roman Empire and, in late Antiquity, confronted invasions from the Goths that devastated the city.

On Hadrian’s go to in 124/5, the Megarians created a brand new phyle (tribe), a fourth one referred to as Hadrianidai, in honour of the Emperor’s philhellenic largesse in the direction of the cities of Central Greece. Megarian inscriptions from the late 130s hailed Hadrian as ‘their founder, lawgiver, benefactor and patron’. He had clearly applied reforms in addition to constructing work. Sabina was additionally honoured at Megara as a ‘New Demeter’ (IG VII 74), from which one could guess that she had accompanied her husband. Julius Candidus (suffect consul in 129) is talked about because the supervisor of the erection of a set of statues in honour of Hadrian and Sabina by the individuals of Megara. Every tribe devoted a statue of the imperial couple, though solely two bases for Sabina survive. Julius Candidus was listed because the epimeletes accountable for this mission, and Aiskhron, son of Damokrates, was stratagos.

For the twice hailed as Imperator Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus Olympios Pythias Panhellenios, founder and lawgiver and benefactor, on the fee of essentially the most glorious proconsul Julius Canditus, when Aischronos, son of Damokrates, was performing as strategos over the Damokratians. By the Dymanes. (IG VII 70)

For Queen Sabina Augusta, new Demeter, spouse of Emperor Hadrian, by (the phyle) Hadrianidai, on the fee of essentially the most glorious proconsul Julius Canditus, when Aischronos, son of Damokrates, was performing as strategos over the Damokratians. (IG VII 74)

Megara’s most vital divinity was Demeter, intently related with town’s basis. Pausanias tells us that Demeter wandered by way of Megara looking for Persephone (Paus. 1.43.2). He additionally mentions a sanctuary of Demeter Thesmophoros (Lawgiver) on the Acropolis of Alcathous, the western of the 2 Megarian metropolis hills (1.41.6), in addition to a sanctuary of Demeter Malophorus (Sheep-bearer or Apple-bearer) at Nisaea, the port city of Megara.

Pausanias particularly mentions that Hadrian, amongst different benefactions, fully rebuilt the previous brick temple of Apollo Pythios, the Pythion, in “white stone” at Megara (1.42.5) and was honoured with the title “Pythios” (IG VII 70). Apollo was Megara’s chief male god, and his temple was on the western Acropolis. In response to Pausanias, three picket cult statues of ebony stood within the Pythion, situated on the Acropolis of Alcathous. Apollo was mentioned to have assisted Alcathous within the development of the city’s partitions. In honour of this god, the Lesser Pythaeia video games had been held in Megara. They had been related to the temple and continued to be celebrated within the Hadrianic interval (Boatwright, 2000). Moreover, cautious copies of Megara’s late Hellenistic coinage bearing the picture of Apollo had been produced in very small numbers through the reign of Hadrian. They doubtless celebrated the imperial go to or his benefaction in the direction of the temple of Apollo (supply).

Pausanias additionally tells us that the harmful rocky street from Megara to Corinth alongside the Saronic Gulf, beforehand solely satisfactory on foot, was rendered satisfactory for carriages. (1.44.6). Recognized in antiquity because the Scironian Street, this well-known go was named after the depraved Sciron, a bandit who robbed travellers passing over the Scironian cliffs and was killed by Theseus by throwing him into the ocean. An inscription dated to AD 125 (IG VII 69) most likely belonged to the primary milestone of this street. Hadrian could certainly have issued an edict ordering street enhancements throughout Achaea and Macedonia right now (Birley, 1997).

“The street referred to as Scironian to at the present time and named after Sciron, was made by him when he was struggle minister of the Megarians, and initially they are saying was constructed for using energetic males. However the emperor Hadrian broadened it, and made it appropriate even for chariots to go one another in reverse instructions.” (1.44.6)

From Megara, the imperial celebration proceeded over the Isthmus to Epidaurus, essentially the most celebrated centre of the cult of Asclepius, the Greek god of medication. Epidaurus was an apparent vacation spot for the religiously emperor, who had simply initiated a large-scale reconstruction of the Hellenistic Asklepieion at Pergamon (see right here). Hadrian’s go to to the sanctuary had a particular impact on the therapeutic sanctuary because the emperor enforced new rules in regards to the appointment of non secular ministers and the recurrence of the Asklepieia. The minting in Epidaurus was most likely linked to Hadrian’s go to. Most Epidaurian cash had Asklepieia, the athletic and dramatic pageant held each 4 years, as a part of the reverse legend (RPC III, 396A).

Hadrian’s go to is attested in at the very least three inscriptions (IG IV² 1 606, IG IV² 1 607, AE 1974, 611) wherein he’s referred to as “saviour and benefactor”. The town erected a statue to him in AD 124, and a brand new period within the native calendar started this 12 months. Nevertheless, no particulars of his benefactions have survived.

Within the third 12 months of the consecration of Zeus Olympios and the muse of the Panhellenion, the 12 months of Trajan Hadrian Caesar‘s go to, when the priest of Asclepius was Eutychus, son of Eutychus, grandson of Eutychus; instead of him Leonidus son of Perigenes; Stephanos son of Eutychus was the fire-bearer (pyrphoros) of Asclepius and Epione. (IG IV² 1 384)

The spiritual centre at Epidaurus included baths, inns, and residences for the priest-physicians, a tholos constructing, temples, stoas, a gymnasium, a palaestra, a stadium, and a 14,000-seat theatre. Pausanias admired the theatre for its symmetry and wonder (2.27.5). The Temple of Asclepius, constructed within the 4th century BC, was a Doric peripteros, that includes a row of tuff columns (6 x 11) surrounding it, partly clad in marble. The misplaced cult statue of Asclepius, which Pausanias describes as “half the dimensions of the Olympian Zeus at Athens, manufactured from ivory and gold” (2.27.2). In entrance of the temple stood the monumental altar. The sanctuary skilled a resurgence within the mid-2nd century AD when Sextus Julius Maior, an aristocrat from Nysa in Asia Minor, funded a rebuilding programme. New deities had been additionally launched into the sanctuary: Ammon, Sarapis, and Isis, as indicated by the discoveries of dedicatory inscriptions.

A outstanding member of a distinguished household in Epidaurus throughout Hadrian’s go to was Gnaeus Cornelius Pulcher, the great-grandson of Gnaeus Cornelius Nicatas, the founding father of the imperial cult at Epidaurus and twice priest of Augustus (IG IV²,1 652). He had been procurator of Epirus at the very least ten years earlier and was to change into the primary archon (SEG 26:253) of Hadrian’s Panhellenion and maintain the priesthood of Hadrian Panhellenios. One could infer that this cultivated particular person attracted Hadrian’s consideration (Birley, 1997). Pulcher is the earliest attested excessive priest of Greece and Helladarch, the chairman of the Council of the Achaians, a pair of lifetime posts that seem to have all the time been held collectively. The previous was accountable for the imperial cult of the province of Achaia, whereas the latter oversaw that of the Achaian League, considered one of a number of leagues of Greek cities throughout the province (supply).

From Epidaurus, Hadrian and his entourage went to Troezen and Hermione, located on the Argolid’s jap shore. Troezen is the place the legendary king and founder-hero of Athens, Theseus, was born, and his son Hippolytus died. On the event of the Emperor’s go to to town, an area benefactor, Eision, son of Timotheos, paid a major amount of cash to make the roads satisfactory for carriages previous to what was described as ‘the long-awaited go to of the best emperor’ (IG IV 758). Every thing means that this was Hadrian, significantly because the small city of Hermione, situated south of Troezen, erected a statue in honour of Sabina (IG IV 702).

Hippolytus was worshipped as a hero at Troezen. Pausanias noticed his temple and cult statue situated outdoors town partitions. He informs us that annual sacrifices had been made and that each virgin lady lower off a lock of hair for him earlier than her marriage, dedicating it to his shrine (2.32). Close by was the Asklepieion, comprising a propylon, a small prostyle temple, a fountain home, and a big ceremonial banquet corridor with 4 wings organized round a central peristyle courtroom surrounded by rooms. Troezen, due to its beneficial geographical place, loved explicit prosperity by way of the Roman interval and produced cash solely beneath Commodus, displaying Theseus combating the Minotaur in Crete (RPC IV.1, 7943). Nevertheless, Athens minted cash through the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, displaying on the reverse Theseus lifting the stone to search out the gnorismata, the sword and the sandals left by his father Aegeus beneath the rock (RPC IV.1, 8198). Immediately, a big hewn stone standing close to the doorway to the sanctuary of Hippolytus is believed to be the rock of Theseus, as reported by the historian Pausanias (2.32.7).

“On the street that leads by way of the mountains to Hermione is a spring of the river Hyllicus, initially referred to as Taurius (Bull-like), and a rock referred to as the Rock of Theseus; when Theseus took up the boots and sword of Aegeus beneath it, it, too, modified its identify, for earlier than it was referred to as the altar of Zeus Sthenius (Sturdy). Close to the rock is a sanctuary of Aphrodite Nymphia (Bridal), made by Theseus when he took Helen to spouse.”

The imperial celebration then travelled by way of Troezen and Hermione to succeed in Argos. Not removed from the desolate ruins of Mycenae stood the well-known sanctuary of Hera, the queen of the gods and patron deity of Argos. In response to Pausanias, Hadrian devoted a gold peacock adorned with valuable gems to the goddess. A peacock was represented on the reverse of one of many cash minted in Argos beneath Hadrian (RPC III, 377).

There may be an altar upon which is wrought in reduction the fabled marriage of Hebe and Heracles. That is of silver, however the peacock devoted by the Emperor Hadrian is of gold and gleaming stones. He devoted it as a result of they maintain the chicken to be sacred to Hera. (2.17.6)

The Argive Heraion was constructed over the stays of a Mycenaean settlement, and archaeological proof means that cultic exercise on the website dates again as early because the tenth century BC. The sanctuary occupied three synthetic terraces on a website above the Argive Plain. The higher terrace was constructed utilizing massive Cyclopean blocks, probably courting to the late Geometric interval (760–700 BC). The Previous Temple of Hera was one of many earliest colonnaded temples in Greece. It was destroyed by hearth in 423 BC and has virtually fully disappeared. After the fireplace, a New Temple of Hera was constructed by the architect Eupolemos of Argos. The well-known chryselephantine statue of Hera by Polykleitos was housed within the temple’s cella. Strabo in contrast it to Pheidias’s big chryselephantine sculpture of Zeus at Olympia, saying it was smaller and cheaper to make (8.732).

The center terrace was dominated by the New Temple of Hera, which was constructed by the architect Eupolemos of Argos c. 420-410 BC following the fireplace. The well-known chryselephantine statue of Hera (manufactured from gold and ivory over a wooden core) by Polykleitos was housed within the temple’s cella. Different constructions situated on the center terrace included one of many earliest examples of a constructing with a peristyle courtroom that appears to have served as a eating corridor. Stoas had been constructed to the south and beneath the temple terrace. On the bottom terrace was a stoa courting to the fifth century BC and an Archaic retaining wall with a flight of steps that ran the center terrace’s size.

The Heraion continued for use properly into the Roman Empire attributable to dedications made by Augustus, Nero and Hadrian. Earlier than the temple’s entrance stood a statue of Orestes, recognized as Augustus by an inscription; Nero provided a golden crown and purple gown to Hera (Paus. 2.17.3). Additionally, archaeological findings reveal characteristics of the north stoa, and new temples had been constructed throughout the Roman period.

A variety of bronze cash from Argos allude to the emperor’s go to and constructing work there. They depict a laureate Hadrian with the legend ΑΥΤ ΑΔΡΙ-ΑΝΟϹ ΚΤΙϹΤΗϹ (Emperor Hadrian the Founder), whereas the reverses have photographs of gods and heroes, together with Zeus, Apollo, Heracles, Danae, Diomedes and Perseus adopted by the inscription Ἀργείων (of the Argives). Maybe constructing the brand new aqueduct for town with a nymphaeum at its termination justifies the epithet ktistes. Hadrian funded an aqueduct that improved town’s water provide by transporting water from the encircling hills, roughly 30km away. Eight fragments of an inscription discovered within the west basin of the Nymphaeum discuss with that present. The doc is dated to AD 124 and informs us that Hadrian acquired the required land for the development of the aqueduct. W. Vollgraff, who cleared the nymphaeum in 1906, restored the Greek inscription as follows (Vollgraff, 1944):

[Αυτοκράτωρ Κ]αΐ[σαρ, θεοϋ Τ]ρα[ϊανοΰ Παρθικού υίός, θεοΰ Νέρουα υίωνός], [Τραϊαν]6ς Άδ[ριανος Σεβα]στός, [άρχιερεύς μέγιστος, δημαρχικής έξουσία]ς η’, ύπ[ατος γ’, πατήρ] πα[τρίδος], τ[δ ύδραγωγεΐον έκ των ιδίων υπέρ της πόλεως] Άρ[γείων κατ]εσκεύα[σεν ώνησάμενος την γήν μήκος πόδας , πλάτος δ]έ ν’.

Emperor Caesar Hadrian Augustus, pontifex maximus, 12 months eight of his tribunician energy, consul for the third time, father of the father-land, son of the divine Trajan Parthicus, grandson of the divine Nerva, constructed the aqueduct for town of Argos at his personal expense, having purchased the land… toes lengthy, fifty toes huge.

An over-life-size, heroically nude statue of Hadrian comes from the Nymphaeum. Hadrian is depicted sporting a paludamentum draped round his left forearm and gathered over his left shoulder. His proper arm is raised, whereas he holds a sword in his left hand (see right here).

The world of Argos was recognized for its shortage of water. In response to mythology, the daughter of Danaos, one of many founders of town of Argos, advised a approach of supplying town with water by way of the piercing and development of wells. By drawing water from the depths of the earth, thirsty Argos turned a metropolis ample in water. The Hadrianic aqueduct was one of many two aqueducts constructed to provide water to town.

Based mostly on a fragmentary inscription present in 1930 within the northern a part of the theatre’s orchestra, Hadrian has additionally been credited with restoring the theatre at Argos after its devastation by hearth (Vollgraff, 1944). The theatre stage was extensively enlarged in size, depth, and peak. Carved into the decrease rocky slopes of the Larisa Hill within the Hellenistic interval, it had a seating capability of round 20,000 spectators.

[Αύτοκρά]τωρ Καίσαρ, [θεού Τραϊανού Παρθικού υιός], [θεού Νέρο]υα υίωνός, [Τραϊανός ‘Αδριανός Σεβαστός], [άρχιερεύς μέγισ]τος, δημαρχικής έ[ξουσίας το . , ύπατος το . , πατήρ πατρίδος], [το θέατρον “Αργου]ς ύπο εμπρησμού δ[ιαφθαρέν άπδ θεμελίων άνωκοδόμησεν].

The smaller and older theatre, adjoining to the Hellenistic theatre, was renovated, roofed, and transformed into an Odeon, most likely through the reign of Hadrian, though it underwent alterations later within the third century AD. A poorly preserved mosaic within the orchestra, not seen, depicts a desk for prizes on the Nemean and Heraian video games. The Odeon seated 1,800 individuals and was thought for use for conferences of the Argive meeting (referred to as the aliaia) and maybe for music and drama. The neighbouring brick-faced bathhouse, a part of a posh devoted to the worship of Asklepios (Aupert, 1987), has additionally been dated to the Hadrianic interval. The Asklepieion is referred to by Pausanias (2.23.4).

In response to Pausanias, Hadrian additionally reintroduced boys’ horse race into the winter Nemean video games, which had fallen into disuse, and moved them to Argos (6.16.4). By the point of Hadrian, the Nemeia had been properly established at Argos as town took management of the video games in 271 BC and completely moved the musical occasions to its personal theatre. The winter video games appear to have been held in Argos over the past days of December, and Hadrian could have attended in particular person (Birley, 1997). A coin struck in Argos through the Hadrianic interval commemorates the Nemean Video games (RPC III, 368).

From Argos, Hadrian and his entourage proceeded with their journey into the northern Arcadian plain, heading in the direction of Mantineia. Pausanias’ description of town contains three distinct references confirming Hadrian’s presence, the primary being that Hadrian commanded the revival of town’s authentic identify. Mantineia had been referred to as Antigoneia for over 300 years in honour of Macedonian king Antigonus II Doson (8.8.12). Certainly, Mantineia claimed to have based Bithynion-Claudiopolis, the hometown of Antinous in Bithynia.

Ten generations afterwards, when Hadrian turned Emperor, he took away from the Mantineans the identify imported from Macedonia and gave again to their metropolis its outdated identify of Mantineia. (Paus. 8.8.12)

Hadrian doubtless met Antinous throughout his tour of Bithynia the 12 months earlier than (see right here) and included him in his entourage. The town of Mantineia would later honour Antinous with explicit fervour, changing into a centre for his worship. Annual Antinoeia mysteries and video games, the Antinoeia, celebrated each 4 years, can be established after AD 130. An inscription from Alexandria Troas refers to Hadrian’s agonistic calendar (see right here), noting that the video games at Mantineia had been held within the 4th Olympic 12 months, between the video games at Isthmia and the Olympieia of Athens (Hervás, 2020). The Antinoeia had been held within the stadium outdoors town partitions on the foot of Mount Alesium, attracting athletic, poetical and musical opponents from all around the east and providing substantial prizes. An inscription found in Mantineia additionally mentions the video games held in honour of Antinous (IG V.2, 313). Pausanias experiences {that a} room within the gymnasium contained a number of Antinous statues and work, most of which depicted him within the guise of Dionysus.

Antinous too was deified by them; his temple is the most recent in Mantineia. He was an incredible favorite of the Emperor Hadrian. I by no means noticed him within the flesh, however I’ve seen photographs and photos of him. He has honours somewhere else additionally, and on the Nile is an Egyptian metropolis named after Antinous. He has received worship in Mantineia for the next cause. Antinous was by delivery from Bithynium past the river Sangarius, and the Bithynians are by descent Arcadians of Mantineia. (Paus. 8.9.7)

The Emperor established his worship in Mantineia additionally; mystic rites are celebrated in his honour every year, and video games each 4 years. There’s a constructing within the gymnasium of Mantineia containing statues of Antinous, and noteworthy for the stones with which it’s adorned, and particularly so for its photos. Most of them are portraits of Antinous, who’s made to look similar to Dionysus. (Paus. 8.9.8)

The stadium the place the Antinoeia had been held stood close to the Archaic sanctuary of Poseidon Hippios (of the horse), mentioned to have been manufactured from oak and constructed by the well-known legendary architects Agamedes and Trophonios, who additionally constructed the temple of Apollo at Delphi. The temple, nonetheless, appears to have fallen into damage within the Roman period. Pausanias experiences that Hadrian ordered the development of a brand new temple across the current website. He appointed guards to oversee the employees and guarantee nobody entered the traditional shrine or disturbed its ruins.

There are roads main from Mantineia into the remainder of Arcadia, and I’ll go on to explain essentially the most noteworthy objects on every of them. On the left of the freeway resulting in Tegea there may be, beside the partitions of Mantineia, a spot the place horses race, and never removed from it’s a race-course, the place they rejoice the video games in honour of Antinous. (Paus. 8.10.1)

By the foot of the mountain is the sanctuary of Horse Poseidon, no more than six stades distant from Mantineia. About this sanctuary, I, like everybody else who has talked about it, can write solely what I’ve heard. The fashionable sanctuary was constructed by the Emperor Hadrian, who set overseers over the workmen, in order that no person would possibly look into the outdated sanctuary, and not one of the ruins be eliminated. He ordered them to construct across the new temple. Initially, they are saying, this sanctuary was constructed for Poseidon by Agamedes and Trophonius, who labored oak logs and fitted them collectively. (Paus. 8.10.2)

The Temple of Poseidon Hippios was recognized by French archaeologist Gustave Fougères southeast of the polis, close to the current village of Milea. Greek archaeologist Dr Theodore Spyropoulos later excavated it from 1985 to 1995, revealing stays of the Archaic temple and vital objects, together with a clay acroterion bearing Gorgoneion (see right here) and horse-headed bronze figures. The excavations additionally uncovered inscriptions devoted to Poseidon Hippios -Ποσειδωνος Ιππιου- (IG V 2, 276).

Antinous seems on medallions of Mantineia (RPC III, 325) commissioned by a Justice of the Peace or notable citizen referred to as Vetourius, who’s in any other case unknown. The reverse depicts a horse and the legend ΤΟΙϹ ΑΡΚΑϹΙ (for the Arcadians). The medallions had been most likely issued for distribution on the video games held in Mantineia in honour of Antinous after his loss of life, and the horse represented on these cash could also be associated to the Arcadian cult of Poseidon Hippios. The legend ΤΟΙϹ ΑΡΚΑϹΙ might point out the Arcadian Koinon (Hervás, 2020).

Hadrian had a robust private curiosity in Mantineia and undertook exceptional initiatives, remodeling town by way of his formidable initiatives. Moreover, maybe in particular person in 125, he composed an epigram for the Theban common Epaminondas (c. 418-362 BC), which was inscribed on a stele positioned on the chief’s tomb beside the outdated inscription in Boiotian dialect. Epaminondas was buried on the battlefield, the place he died in victory, someday round 362 BC, after the Battle of Mantineia between Thebes and Sparta. Epaminondas was commemorated in Arcadia, which he had helped to free. Pausanias describes his funerary monument as a tomb surmounted by a column on which a protect with the picture of a dragon was suspended, representing his clan (Paus. 8.11.8). Sadly, Pausanias didn’t document Hadrian’s epigram, however he recorded the inscription in elegiac verse on the statue of Epaminondas (Paus. 9.15.6):

By my counsels was Sparta shorn of her glory,
And holy Messene acquired finally her youngsters.
By the arms of Thebes was Megalopolis encircled with partitions,
And all Greece received independence and freedom.

The imperial celebration would have continued south to Sparta with a cease at Tegea southeast of Arcadia. Tegea, like Epidaurus, modified its calendar to mark a brand new period from the date of his go to (IG V,2 51). An inscription referring to him as ‘saviour and founder’ means that he supplied advantages to town (see right here). Tegea was the everlasting rival of Mantineia, an ally of Sparta through the Peloponnesian Struggle. The town was well-known for its sanctuary to the goddess Athena Alea, which had a big 4th-century BC Doric temple designed by the well-known sculptor and architect Skopas from Paros. The temple was nonetheless in use within the Hellenistic and Roman intervals. Tegea appears to have been an vital metropolis within the 2nd century AD. Pausanias declared it was “far superior to all different temples within the Peloponnesus on many grounds, particularly for its dimension” (Paus. 8.45.5).

The emperor would journey additional by way of Greece, visiting Sparta, Corinth, and probably Olympia, dedicated to selling cultural and architectural growth all through the area.

Sources & references:

• Birley, A.R. (1997). Hadrian The Stressed Emperor, London, Roman Imperial Biographies pp. 174-180
• Boatwright, M.T. (2000). Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire, Princeton
• Vollgraff, W. (1951). Le théâtre d’Argos. Mnemosyne, 4(3/4), 193–203. (hyperlink)
• Aupert P. (1987). Pausanias et l’Asclépieion d’Argos. In: Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Quantity 111, livraison 2, pp. 511-517. (hyperlink)
• Hervás, R. (2020). Antinous and the Video games of the Koinon of the Achaeans and the Arcadians in Mantinea. Hermes. 148. 218-231. 10.25162/hermes-2020-0013.
• Balériaux, J. (2019). Legendary and ritual landscapes of Poseidon Hippios in Arcadia, Kernos, 32 (hyperlink)
• Fougères, G. (1890). “Fouilles de Mantinée”, in: BCH 14, 65–90.
• Fougères, G. (1898). Mantinée et l’Arcadie orientale, Paris