The ultra-violent Shakespeare play that makes audiences faint

Tragedy Titus Andronicus is the Bard’s goriest work, and a brand new manufacturing is ready to be some of the excessive takes on it but. It raises the query: why can we watch such brutality?

Good theatre has the ability to actually transfer us – an announcement that is normally taken metaphorically, moderately than actually. But in terms of Shakespeare’s bloodiest play, Titus Andronicus, its influence will be so visceral it causes viewers members to faint. I ought to know: whereas reviewing a manufacturing at Shakespeare’s Globe in London, again in 2014, its disturbingly violent scenes precipitated me to begin to really feel light-headed, even whereas safely sat down in my seat. Sadly, it was a bench with no again: earlier than the top of the primary half, I had fainted away utterly, falling backwards and waking up in a stranger’s lap.

Warning: this text accommodates some graphic descriptions of violence

And I used to be removed from the one particular person to have such a full-bodied response to Lucy Bailey’s manufacturing of this gory revenge tragedy: the press went wild for tales of “droppers”, with greater than 100 individuals fainting in the course of the run – testomony to the immense energy of Shakespeare’s writing, and the talent of performers, in addition to to the props division’s dealing with of litres of pretend blood.

One of many Bard’s earliest performs, written in 1591-2, and nearly actually his first tragedy, Titus Andronicus is a narrative of violent vengeance: Titus, a common of Rome, returns from wars towards the Goths with their queen, Tamora, and her sons held as captives. When her eldest son is sacrificed by Titus, Tamora swears revenge – setting in movement a sequence of more and more brutal acts that ends  with an notorious scene involving the baking of pies… Boasting 14 deaths, it’s the most violent of all Shakespeare’s performs – and now it is again on stage, with a brand new manufacturing opening on the UK’s Royal Shakespeare Firm in Stratford-upon-Avon.

The play’s unavoidable ultra-violence has meant that, for a lot of the efficiency historical past of Shakespeare – whose birthday is as we speak – Titus Andronicus was thought-about a little bit of a humiliation, a bloody stain on his status: too ugly, too over-the-top, to be thought-about in the identical class of greatness as, say, Hamlet or Othello. Then there’s its generally queasy tone: the excesses can tip Titus right into a gleefully macabre, manic comedy (a side additionally embraced in Bailey’s gore-fest). Let’s simply say, the Victorians weren’t followers. 

However the play’s status started to revive within the second half of the twentieth Century. On the Royal Shakespeare Firm alone, there have been a number of seminal productions prior to now 70 years, starring Laurence Olivier (1955), Patrick Stewart (1981), Brian Cox (1987) and David Bradley (2003), whereas Anthony Hopkins enjoying Titus on display screen in Julie Taymor’s influential, blackly humorous movie model in 1999 additionally absolutely helped increase the play’s standing. A few of these productions leaned closely on the horror, too: there have been fainters and walk-outs in Deborah Warner’s unflinching 1987 manufacturing, which Cox as soon as claimed was essentially the most attention-grabbing play he’d completed and the most effective stage efficiency he’d ever given. However he additionally pointed to the odd humour of the play, calling it “a younger man’s play… filled with power, joie de vivre and laughter that usually strikes individuals as ludicrous”.

Titus just isn’t all the time staged with grisly literalness: within the Olivier-starring manufacturing by Peter Brook, the mutilation of Titus’s daughter Lavinia was famously advised with stylised purple streamers – an aestheticised method additionally used within the Japanese Ninagawa Firm’s manufacturing within the 2000s. Extra lately, Jude Christian’s all-female 2023 manufacturing in London’s candle-lit Sam Wanamaker Playhouse enacted the violence on candles themselves, with forged members stabbing, snapping or snuffing them. 

Within the newest manufacturing of Titus Andronicus, nevertheless, there will probably be blood. Buckets of it. “We’re doing gallons of blood. We have made a kind of moist room [on stage], it is acquired a drainage system and an abattoir hook…” says Max Webster, the play’s director, over a video name from Stratford-upon-Avon. He is had to determine how you can stage no fewer than 27 completely different acts of onstage violence, from punches via to limbs being lopped off and tongues being lower out. And the one restrict on the quantity of gore sloshing round is the sensible query of how you can clear it up between scenes. “It is an unbelievably boring factor about what number of crew members and squeegees it takes,” laughs Webster. “In a single sentence, you are considering ‘what’s the that means of tragedy in relation to human nature?’ – after which in a short time you get into ‘what number of mops can the crew maintain?’.”

Webster, whose acclaimed productions embrace an adaptation of Booker Prize winner Lifetime of Pi and a latest David Tennant-starring Macbeth, wished to direct Titus Andronicus for one easy cause: Simon Russell Beale, one in every of Britain’s biggest Shakespearean actors, requested him to. Titus was an element that Russell Beale fancied a crack at, and the RSC was comfortable to oblige. This model is up to date – set in a crisp, besuited trendy world riven by battle, though the place precisely is stored intentionally imprecise. 

“It is attempting to be open – we’re not setting it in Kosovo or Gaza or Sudan,” says Webster, including swiftly “And we’re not going to attempt to produce the US military onstage or one thing – it is attempting to make sense of Rome as a ‘superpower of empire’ moderately than as ‘the US of America’.” Nonetheless, he sees Titus as freshly, troublingly related, in mild of stunning occasions such because the 7 October Hamas assaults, the conflict in Gaza, and the sudden invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine, the story’s excessive violence would not appear so unimaginable.

On this manufacturing, the violence is actually no laughing matter. In rehearsals, they’ve been enjoying it completely critically, and eschewing the blackly cartoonish or stylishly Tarantino-esque method to the violence that some administrators discover. This has dangers: Webster absolutely expects that, when the present is in entrance of an viewers, there could also be some nervous laughter; it’s going to be their job in previews to determine the place these laughs kind a needed “strain launch valve”, and the place they’re actually only a signal to make the present much more harrowing.

For Webster, it is not attainable to snicker on the brutality of Titus Andronicus in 2025 – it is too actual. He sees the play as “a howl of ache”; watching it turns into an act of witness, an try to resist atrocities going down proper now – one thing that he acknowledges might be arduous for an viewers. “I can stroll down the Avon [river], and know my household is secure and it would not really feel just like the world is burning. However you take a look at different components of the world… these horrors, that possibly really feel historic to us, are literally occurring.” 

However Titus Andronicus is not a documentary; it is an previous play, that folks select to stage and select to pay to go to see. So why, once we may simply watch the information, can we choose to observe such harrowing content material as artwork, as leisure? It is a query that partly motivated Russell Beale to do Titus, he informed The Guardian final week: “I do not perceive the violence. I do not perceive why as an viewers we really feel excited, stimulated, challenged by it; it is so relentless.” 

It could have been shunned in later centuries, however Titus Andronicus’s authentic audiences beloved it – and lots of different types of graphically horrible leisure, from bear baiting to public hangings. Titus was successful in Elizabethan England, and in writing it Shakespeare might, in reality, have been enjoying to the gang: it resembles the super-violent revenge tragedies that have been well-liked on the time, rarely-staged works resembling Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy and Thomas Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy. Such performs have been, themselves, drawing inspiration from the extremely bloody and outrageous tragedies written by Seneca within the First Century AD – together with Thyestes, a supply of direct inspiration for Shakespeare, the place the title character is fed a pie product of the flesh of his personal youngsters. And clearly, Historical Greek tragedies – even when they hold acts of violence off-stage – are a wealthy and enduring supply of artistic murders of relations and cycles of bloody revenge. 

Such tragedies, Webster factors out, had their origins in ritual performances of sacrifice. “I suppose theatre got here out of killing goats in Historical Greece… there’s all the time been some relationship between theatre and violence and the sacred stuff.” 

It does appear that watching the very worst issues possible unfolding has an irresistible attraction – not solely can we nonetheless return to Greek or Shakespearean tragedies, however we have additionally turned demise and violence into main sources of leisure, apparently applicable for every day consumption. Horror movies, true crime podcasts, police procedurals, first-person shooter video video games… depictions of very, very dangerous issues occurring to our bodies are pervasive throughout all artwork varieties, on a regular basis. You would possibly even say we’re hooked on the adrenaline shot we get from such emotionally-wringing, excessive types of leisure: analysis exhibits that the blood-pumping, heart-racing excessive we get from worry is near the pleasurable bodily expertise of pleasure.

From the excessive physique rely of fantasy exhibits like Recreation of Thrones and Home of the Dragon to the dystopian chills of Squid Recreation to the seemingly limitless urge for food for the torture porn films of the Noticed franchise, a lot of our artistic output would make Seneca smack his lips in approval. However past the potential bodily thrills, why are we so drawn to watching such violent content material?

Once I ask Webster, he is as uncertain as Russell Beale. “The reality is, I do not know. However there is a lust to observe violence on-stage – it’s a primary human urge.” He wonders if it varieties a secure outlet for our innate human darkness. And a standard idea as to why we benefit from the terrors of a horror film or the bleakness of a dystopian novel is simply this: that such fictional outings are a safe method for us to rehearse horrible acts – with out ever having to expertise these in actual life. “Possibly it’s so we do not have to do [violence] in our lives?” Webster ponders. “All of us have these bizarre, darkish, turbulent fantasies that we do not speak about as a result of they don’t seem to be socially acceptable… so possibly seeing it on-stage is an escape, or a reduction?” 

The lecturers Haiyang Yang and Kuangjie Zhang verify Webster’s idea, sharing analysis within the Harvard Enterprise Evaluate that discovered that horror leisure “might assist us (safely) fulfill our curiosity in regards to the darkish facet of human psyche… As an inherently curious species, many people are fascinated by what our personal form is able to. Observing storylines during which actors should confront the worst components of themselves serves as a pseudo character examine of the darkest components of the human situation.”

If I am sincere, the information that there is a lot blood in Webster’s Titus Andronicus that they want a drain on stage has acquired me nervous of watching the present, moderately than gleefully able to excise my interior demons. Is he fearful that this Titus could be so highly effective – so bloody, and so upsetting – that folks will faint? He’s not. “It is vital you present a content material warning, after which individuals could make an knowledgeable choice about in the event that they need to see it,” says Webster. “If individuals faint, they faint.”

Titus Andronicus is on the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, till 17 June